A real estate development gone wrong.  It’s a common litigation situation, and attorneys are often in for the legal malpractice aspect of the case.  Here, in YDRA,LLC v Mitchell   2014 NY Slip Op 50505(U)    Decided on April 3, 2014   Supreme Court, Queens County   Siegal, J.
 

Supreme Court, Queens County untwists the skein of relationships and claims. 

"On or about September 2, 2012, Plaintiff commenced the within action asserting claims of legal malpractice, architectural malpractice, fraudulent inducement, contract recision and negligence.

Papa was retained by Paul Sklar ("Sklar") by written agreements dated March 15, 2006 and August 9, 2006, to provide a zoning analysis of the subject real property to get Department of Building approval for the construction of a new building on an adjacent lot while the existing building remained. Papa completed his services but Whitestone 8888 Corp opted not to construct the new building. Papa contends that its services were completed at this point.

Plaintiff took title to the property from Whitestone in January of 2009, retaining defendant Mitchell, & Incantalupo ("Mitchell") and Wax Ferraro Architect, PC ("Ferraro") to assist with the purchase.

Plaintiff ultimately brought the within action for breach of contract and negligence as a result of Plaintiff’s inability to secure approval for new construction. On or about November 23, 2011, Plaintiff executed a Stipulation of Discontinuance in favor of Christopher V. Papa. However, prior to the discontinuance defendant Mitchell and Ferraro asserted cross-claims against Papa for contribution and indemnification. "

"Initially, Papa contends that Mitchell and Ferraro may not maintain an action for contribution because the Plaintiff seeks to recover only economic losses. Pursuant to CPLR 1401, "two or more persons who are subject to liability for damages for the same personal injury, injury to property or wrongful death, may claim contribution among them whether or not an action has been brought or a judgment has been rendered against the person from whom contribution is sought." Contribution is unavailable for claims seeking recovery for purely economic loss resulting from the breach of contractual obligations. (Capstone Enterprises of Port Chester, Inc. v. Board of Educ. Irvington Union Free Capstone Enterprises of Port Chester, Inc. v. Board of Educ. Irvington Union Free [*3]School Dist., 106 AD3d 856 [2nd Dept 2013] citing Clark-Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Island R. Co., 70 NY2d 382 [1987]; Galvin Brothers, Inc. v. Town of Babylon, 91 AD3d 715 [2nd Dept 2012].) In the within action, Plaintiff is seeking the purely economic relief of recovery of the purchase price of the Property. Accordingly, a claim for contribution from Papa must be dismissed. "

"A right to indemnification can only arise where there is a written contract providing for indemnification or whether indemnification is implied under common law. (Facilities Dev. Corp. v Miletta, 180 AD2d 97 [3rd Dept 1992]; Rosado v Proctor & Schwartz, 66 NY2d 21 [1985] citing Prosser and Keeton, Torts § 51, at 341 [5th ed].) It is undisputed that there is no contractual relationship between Mitchell or Ferraro. Furthermore, Mitchell and Ferraro’s liability is based upon the their alleged breach of obligations owed to the Plaintiff, rather than upon vicarious liability attributed solely to the fault of Papa, therefore Mitchell and Ferraro do not have a legally viable claim for implied indemnification against Papa. (Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co. v Mott, 179 AD2d 626 [2nd Dept 1992]; Dormitory Auth. of State of NY v Caudill Rowlett Scott, 160 AD2d 179 [2nd Dept 1990].) Accordingly, as Mitchell and Ferraro have no contractual relationship with Papa and each of the defendants were retained separately from Papa, there can be no claim for indemnification as against Papa."

Legal malpractice is a tort, right?  Everyone knows that it’s a variety of negligence, and it can be pled in tort or in contract?  Technically, yes, but its really a different kind of tort.  It does not have unlimited damages (think emotional disturbance) it does not allow for windfalls (think "ascertainable damages") and in generally, the rules are very, very special for attorneys.

As an example, take Chang Yi Chen v Zhen Huang   2014 NY Slip Op 50517(U)   Decided on March 31, 2014   Supreme Court, Kings County  where Judge Schmidt freely admits that legal malpractice has public policy and other considerations attached to it that no other branch of the law requires.

"For the purpose of this motion, defendant does not dispute plaintiff’s central allegation that the sale transactions were structured in a way that would have qualified for the deferral of the payment of capital gains taxes but for defendant’s release of the proceeds relating to the sale property directly to plaintiff in contravention of the requirement that plaintiff could not receive such proceeds actually or constructively in order to take advantage of the section 1031 exchange (see United States v Okun, 453 Fed Appx 364, 366 n1 [4th Cir 2011], cert denied ___ US ___, 132 SCt 1953 [2012]; see also Endless Ocean, LLC, v Twomey, Latham, Shea, Kelly, Dubin & Quartararo, 113 AD3d 587, 588-589 [2d Dept 2014]; Wo Yee Hing Realty Corp. v Stern, 99 AD3d 58, 64 [1st Dept 2012]).[FN3] The court’s determination thus turns on whether plaintiff has a legal basis for obtaining damages from defendant.

"Damages in a legal malpractice case are designed to make the injured client whole’" (Rodolf v Shayne, Dachs, Stanisci, Corker & Sauer, 8 NY3d 438, 443 [2007], quoting Campagnola v Mulholland, Minion & Roe, 76 NY2d 38, 42 [1990]). Generally, the same compensatory damages rules applicable in contract cases apply to damages allowed in legal malpractice cases (Campagnola, 76 NY2d at 42). Such damages are not intended to provide a party with a windfall (id. at 45). However, in light of the unique fiduciary and ethical obligations of attorneys, public policy, at times, requires that traditional contract rules of damages be applied in a different manner in cases involving legal malpratice (id. at 43-44).

Here, defendant correctly asserts that taxes paid are generally not recoverable as damages under New York law (see Menard M. Gertler, M.D., P.C. v Sol Masch & Co., 40 AD3d 282, 283 [1st Dept 2007]; Alpert v Shea Gould Climenko & Casey, 160 AD2d 67, 71-72 [1st Dept 1990]; see also Lama Holding Co. v Smith Barney, 88 NY2d 413, 422-423 [1996]). This is because tax liability results from a taxable event and allowing recovery for the payment of such tax would therefor constitute a windfall for a plaintiff (see Alpert, 160 AD2d at 71-72; Apple Bank for Sav. v PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 23 Misc 3d 1126 [A], 2009 NY Slip Op 50948 * 6 [U] [Sup Ct, New York County 2009], modified on other [*4]grounds 70 AD3d 438 [1st Dept 2010]; see also, Lama Holding Co., 88 NY2d at 423; Gaslow v KPMG LLP, 19 AD3d 264, 265 [1st Dept 2005], lv dismissed 5 NY3d 849 [2005]). In addition, damages that are uncertain or unduly speculative may not be recovered in New York (Ashland Mgt. Inc. v Janien, 82 NY2d 395, 403 [1993]; Farrar v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 73 NY2d 802, 804 [1988]; see also Solin v Domino, 501 Fed Appx 19, 22 [2d Cir 2012]).

In conjunction, these principles preclude plaintiff from recovering as damages the amount he paid to the IRS as capital gains taxes, at least on the facts here, where plaintiff has not sold the replacement property. In this regard, in a properly completed section 1031 exchange, the basis from the property sold becomes the basis for the replacement property, and the recognition of any gain or loss is deferred until the replacement property is sold in a sale that does not involve a section 1031 exchange (see Ocmulgee Fields, Inc. v C.I.R., 613 F3d 1360, 1364-1365 [11th Cir 2011]). The tax consequences of such a deferral depend on many factors, including any change in the capital gains tax rate, IRS rules for determining capital gains, market forces affecting the value of the property, and plaintiff’s ability to offset the gain against the losses (see generally Internal Revenue Code [USC] § 1001; Internal Revenue Code [USC] subtitle A, Chapter 1, subchapter P; IRS, Topic 409 – Capital Gains & Losses, http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc409.html [last reviewed or updated Feb. 27, 2014, accessed March 28, 2014]). As plaintiff has not sold the Purchase Property, any determination at this time that his capital gains liability would be less at the time of a future sale of the Purchase Property than he was actually required to pay involves future changeable events, and is thus inherently speculative (see Farrar, 73 NY2d at 804; Solin, 501 Fed Appx at 22; see also Ashland Mgt. Inc, 82 NY2d at 403; see also Menard M. Gertler, M.D., P.C., 40 AD3d at283; Alpert, 160 AD2d at 71-72).[FN4] "

Yesterday, we discussed Chang Yi Chen v Zhen Huang   2014 NY Slip Op 50517(U)   Decided on March 31, 2014   Supreme Court, Kings County   Schmidt, J. .  Put in short, Plaintiff initiated a 1031 like-kind real estate exchange, only to have it fail because the attorney returned the escrow money to Plaintiff in order to do the purchase.  Plaintiff paid capital gains taxes.  Are they recoverable?  No.
 

""Damages in a legal malpractice case are designed to make the injured client whole’" (Rodolf v Shayne, Dachs, Stanisci, Corker & Sauer, 8 NY3d 438, 443 [2007], quoting Campagnola v Mulholland, Minion & Roe, 76 NY2d 38, 42 [1990]). Generally, the same compensatory damages rules applicable in contract cases apply to damages allowed in legal malpractice cases (Campagnola, 76 NY2d at 42). Such damages are not intended to provide a party with a windfall (id. at 45). However, in light of the unique fiduciary and ethical obligations of attorneys, public policy, at times, requires that traditional contract rules of damages be applied in a different manner in cases involving legal malpratice (id. at 43-44).

Here, defendant correctly asserts that taxes paid are generally not recoverable as damages under New York law (see Menard M. Gertler, M.D., P.C. v Sol Masch & Co., 40 AD3d 282, 283 [1st Dept 2007]; Alpert v Shea Gould Climenko & Casey, 160 AD2d 67, 71-72 [1st Dept 1990]; see also Lama Holding Co. v Smith Barney, 88 NY2d 413, 422-423 [1996]). This is because tax liability results from a taxable event and allowing recovery for the payment of such tax would therefor constitute a windfall for a plaintiff (see Alpert, 160 AD2d at 71-72; Apple Bank for Sav. v PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 23 Misc 3d 1126 [A], 2009 NY Slip Op 50948 * 6 [U] [Sup Ct, New York County 2009], modified on other [*4]grounds 70 AD3d 438 [1st Dept 2010]; see also, Lama Holding Co., 88 NY2d at 423; Gaslow v KPMG LLP, 19 AD3d 264, 265 [1st Dept 2005], lv dismissed 5 NY3d 849 [2005]). In addition, damages that are uncertain or unduly speculative may not be recovered in New York (Ashland Mgt. Inc. v Janien, 82 NY2d 395, 403 [1993]; Farrar v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 73 NY2d 802, 804 [1988]; see also Solin v Domino, 501 Fed Appx 19, 22 [2d Cir 2012]).

In conjunction, these principles preclude plaintiff from recovering as damages the amount he paid to the IRS as capital gains taxes, at least on the facts here, where plaintiff has not sold the replacement property. In this regard, in a properly completed section 1031 exchange, the basis from the property sold becomes the basis for the replacement property, and the recognition of any gain or loss is deferred until the replacement property is sold in a sale that does not involve a section 1031 exchange (see Ocmulgee Fields, Inc. v C.I.R., 613 F3d 1360, 1364-1365 [11th Cir 2011]). The tax consequences of such a deferral depend on many factors, including any change in the capital gains tax rate, IRS rules for determining capital gains, market forces affecting the value of the property, and plaintiff’s ability to offset the gain against the losses (see generally Internal Revenue Code [USC] § 1001; Internal Revenue Code [USC] subtitle A, Chapter 1, subchapter P; IRS, Topic 409 – Capital Gains & Losses, http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc409.html [last reviewed or updated Feb. 27, 2014, accessed March 28, 2014]). As plaintiff has not sold the Purchase Property, any determination at this time that his capital gains liability would be less at the time of a future sale of the Purchase Property than he was actually required to pay involves future changeable events, and is thus inherently speculative (see Farrar, 73 NY2d at 804; Solin, 501 Fed Appx at 22; see also Ashland Mgt. Inc, 82 NY2d at 403; see also Menard M. Gertler, M.D., P.C., 40 AD3d at283; Alpert, 160 AD2d at 71-72).[FN4] "

What about interest paid to the IRS?  It maybe recoverable.  "On the other hand, plaintiff may be entitled to recover the amounts paid to the IRS as interest and penalties. Interest imposed by the IRS based on a failure to pay a tax generally may not be recovered as damages because the interest represents a payment to the IRS for the taxpayer’s use of the money while the taxpayer was not entitled to the use of the money (see Shalam v KPMG LLP, 43 AD3d 752, 754 [1st Dept 2007]; Alpert, 160 AD2d at 72). Here, however, plaintiff, but for defendant’s alleged malpractice, would have been entitled to the use of this money during the time for which IRS imposed interest. As such, plaintiff suffered a loss as the result of the IRS’s imposition of interest and plaintiff’s recovery of damages for such a loss would not constitute a windfall (see Jamie Towers Hous. Co. v William B. Lucas, Inc.,, 296 AD2d 359, 359-360 [1st Dept 2002]; Ronson v Talesnick, 33 F Supp2d 347, 355 [DNJ 1999]; see also Liebowitz v Kolodny, 24 AD3d 733, 733 [2d Dept [*5]2005]; Apple Bank for Sav., 2009 NY Slip Op 50948 * 6-7). For the essentially the same reasons, any penalty imposed by the IRS may be recovered as damages.[FN5]"

Chang Yi Chen v Zhen Huang   2014 NY Slip Op 50517(U)   Decided on March 31, 2014  Supreme Court, Kings County  Schmidt, J. is ostensibly about a single real estate deal, but it discusses two very significant issues.  One is the very nature of legal malpractice damages and the other is when interest paid by plaintiff is a recoverable damage.  We’ll cover one today and one tomorrow.

"Plaintiff Chang Yi Chen alleges that defendant Zhen Huang, Esq., failed properly effectuate a real estate transaction intended to be structured as a "like-kind exchange" under Internal Revenue Code (26 USC) § 1031 in order to defer payment of capital gains taxes on the transaction.[FN1] Plaintiff alleges that he approached defendant, who held herself out as an attorney who specialized in real estate transactions, for advice regarding the tax consequences of selling property he owned in order to purchase another property. Defendant allegedly informed plaintiff that he could avoid paying capital gains taxes on the sale and purchase of a new property by way of a section 1031 transfer. Plaintiff thereafter retained defendant to represent him in the sale and purchase of properties through a section 1031 exchange.

On May 28, 2009 plaintiff entered into an agreement to purchase a property (Purchase Property) and on June 15, 2009, reached an agreement to sell the property he owned (Sale Property). Plaintiff alleges that these properties qualified as "like kind property" for purposes of a section 1031 exchange. The closing for the Sale Property occurred on September 1, 2009, and defendant held the proceeds of this sale in escrow until September 2, 2009, when she transferred these proceeds back to plaintiff. At a closing held on November 1, 2009, plaintiff used these sale proceeds to purchase the Purchase Property. Although plaintiff believed that these actions were sufficient to qualify for section 1031 tax treatment, the United States and New York State tax authorities thereafter issued tax warrants notifying plaintiff of deficiencies and penalties because the property transfers did not qualify for section 1031 treatment. According to plaintiff, the transfer did not qualify for such treatment because the proceeds from the sale of the Sale Property were held by defendant in escrow and then released directly to plaintiff in contravention of section 1031’s requirement that such proceeds be held by a "qualified intermediary."

Plaintiff has since commenced this action, alleging causes of action for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty and legal malpractice based on defendant’s alleged failure to insure that the transactions qualified for section 1031 treatment. Defendant now moves for summary judgment dismissing the complaint on the ground that, regardless of whether defendant committed malpractice in failing to effectuate a section 1031 exchange, plaintiff has not alleged any compensable damages. In this respect, defendant, pointing to the complaint, asserts that "plaintiff only seeks to recover the tax liabilities he incurred from the sale of the 57th Street property" (Memorandum of Law at 6). According to defendant, such damages are not recoverable because a section 1031 exchange only defers the payment of capital gains tax until the replacement property is sold, and that as such, plaintiff may not recover the capital gains tax he was required to pay since such a recovery would constitute [*3]a windfall. In addition, as plaintiff has not sold the Purchase Property,[FN2] a determination of the capital gains taxes he will owe with respect to the sale of the property would be unduly speculative. "

The Court eventually rules against Plaintiff on damages from the taxes paid.  

"In conjunction, these principles preclude plaintiff from recovering as damages the amount he paid to the IRS as capital gains taxes, at least on the facts here, where plaintiff has not sold the replacement property. In this regard, in a properly completed section 1031 exchange, the basis from the property sold becomes the basis for the replacement property, and the recognition of any gain or loss is deferred until the replacement property is sold in a sale that does not involve a section 1031 exchange (see Ocmulgee Fields, Inc. v C.I.R., 613 F3d 1360, 1364-1365 [11th Cir 2011]). The tax consequences of such a deferral depend on many factors, including any change in the capital gains tax rate, IRS rules for determining capital gains, market forces affecting the value of the property, and plaintiff’s ability to offset the gain against the losses (see generally Internal Revenue Code [USC] § 1001; Internal Revenue Code [USC] subtitle A, Chapter 1, subchapter P; IRS, Topic 409 – Capital Gains & Losses, http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc409.html [last reviewed or updated Feb. 27, 2014, accessed March 28, 2014]). As plaintiff has not sold the Purchase Property, any determination at this time that his capital gains liability would be less at the time of a future sale of the Purchase Property than he was actually required to pay involves future changeable events, and is thus inherently speculative (see Farrar, 73 NY2d at 804; Solin, 501 Fed Appx at 22; see also Ashland Mgt. Inc, 82 NY2d at 403; see also Menard M. Gertler, M.D., P.C., 40 AD3d at283; Alpert, 160 AD2d at 71-72).[FN4] 

On the other hand, plaintiff may be entitled to recover the amounts paid to the IRS as interest and penalties. Interest imposed by the IRS based on a failure to pay a tax generally may not be recovered as damages because the interest represents a payment to the IRS for the taxpayer’s use of the money while the taxpayer was not entitled to the use of the money (see Shalam v KPMG LLP, 43 AD3d 752, 754 [1st Dept 2007]; Alpert, 160 AD2d at 72). Here, however, plaintiff, but for defendant’s alleged malpractice, would have been entitled to the use of this money during the time for which IRS imposed interest. As such, plaintiff suffered a loss as the result of the IRS’s imposition of interest and plaintiff’s recovery of damages for such a loss would not constitute a windfall (see Jamie Towers Hous. Co. v William B. Lucas, Inc.,, 296 AD2d 359, 359-360 [1st Dept 2002]; Ronson v Talesnick, 33 F Supp2d 347, 355 [DNJ 1999]; see also Liebowitz v Kolodny, 24 AD3d 733, 733 [2d Dept [*5]2005]; Apple Bank for Sav., 2009 NY Slip Op 50948 * 6-7). For the essentially the same reasons, any penalty imposed by the IRS may be recovered as damages.[FN5]

Accordingly, defendant has failed to demonstrate her initial summary judgment burden of demonstrating, as a matter of law, that plaintiff cannot recover damages. As such, this portion of defendant’s motion must be denied regardless of the sufficiency of plaintiff’s opposition papers (see Winegrad v New York Univ. Med. Ctr., 64 NY2d 851, 853 [1985]). The court further notes that the motion turns almost entirely on the pleadings and that the only evidentiary fact before the court is plaintiff’s admission that he has not sold the Purchase Property. Thus, to the extent that this motion, couched as a motion for summary judgment, should more appropriately be addressed as a motion to dismiss for failing to state a cause of action pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (7) (see Light v Light, 64 AD3d 633, 634 [2d Dept 2009]), the motion is denied because plaintiff has adequately pleaded that he suffered some cognizable damage as the result of the alleged malpractice (see Kocak v Egert, 280 AD2d 335, 336 [1st Dept 2001]). "